Raising chickens both on a commercial basis or in your backyard has a lot of benefits. However, major chicken diseases are a big threat to the sustainability of this venture. Many give up their interest in poultry production due to the challenge of diseases.
We want you to know about these major chicken diseases and give you ideas on how to prevent and manage your chickens better. So we bring you major chicken diseases, covering the symptoms and how to prevent or treat them.Read also: 8 Important Benefits of Raising Backyard Chickens
1. Newcastle Disease
Cause: Newcastle disease is a contagious viral infection. It is one of the deadliest chicken diseases. It causes respiratory nervous disorder in chickens and other birds. Other birds carry this disease. If you touch an infected bird you can pass it on from your clothes, shoes, and other items.
Symptoms: This disease also appears through the respiratory system. You will begin to see breathing problems, discharge from their nose, their eyes will begin to look murky. They also stop laying. The bird’s legs and wings become paralyse and their neck twisted.
Prevention and Treatment: Older birds usually recover and are not carriers afterwards. However, most baby birds will die from the disease.
2. Fowl Pox
Cause: The virus Avipox virus causes this disease. Poultry carrying this virus can spread it to other poultry through wounds. It can even spread it to nearby poultry houses.
Symptoms: Chickens develop white spots on their skin, scabby sores on their combs, white ulcers in their mouth or trachea. They also stop laying.
Prevention and Treatment: Feed them soft food and give them a warm and dry place to try and recoup. With adequate care, there is a great chance that your birds can survive this illness. There is a vaccine that can prevent healthy birds from contracting the disease. Else, contaminated birds can spread the disease.
3. Quail disease
Cause: Clostridium colinum, a spore-forming bacterial rod is the cause of the disease. The infection spreads by the droppings from sick or carrier birds to healthy birds. The disease organism is very resistant to disinfectants and will persist under varying environmental conditions.
Symptoms: Birds with the acute form may die suddenly while in good flesh, whereas more chronically affected birds become listless. They also have ruffled feathers, whitish watery diarrhoea. Moreover, they develop a humped-up posture. Infected birds usually die in an extremely skinny or thin condition.
Prevention and Treatment: Seek professional advice if you suspect infection. Bacitracin and penicillin are the most effective drugs in the treatment and prevention of this disease. If bacitracin is used, incorporate in the feed at levels up to 200 grams per ton of feed. Addition of bacitracin to the water at the rate of one teaspoon per gallon aids in controlling an outbreak of the disease. Either method of administering bacitracin will control the disease within two weeks unless a bacitracin-resistant strain of the disease organism is present. Penicillin is also used to treat the disease if bacitracin is not effective.
Raising birds on a wire is an effective preventative measure.
4. Botulism
Cause: It is a disease caused by the ingestion of a toxin produced by the Clostridium botulinum bacterium. All domestic fowl and most wild birds are susceptible to the toxin’s effects. If your chickens contracts this disease it means that there has been some type of dead meat left near their food and water which contaminated it.
Symptoms: Chickens begin to have progressing tremors. The tremors will progress into total body paralysis which includes their breathing. You will also notice their feathers will be easy to pull out and death usually occurs within a few hours.
Prevention and Treatment: There is an antitoxin that can be acquired from a vet. If you notice the disease early enough you can mix 1 teaspoon of Epsom salts with 30mils of warm water. Administer to the birds by dropper once daily. This disease is avoidable as long as you keep your chickens in a clean environment and clean up any dead carcass from around their environment.
5. Fowl Cholera
Cause: The causative organism of fowl cholera is Pasteurella multocida. Fowl Cholera can be contracted from wild animals or food and water that has been contaminated by this bacteria.
Symptoms: Birds begin to have greenish or yellowish diarrhoea and obvious joint pain. They also struggle to breathe and have a darkened head or wattle.
Prevention and Treatment: There is no real treatment. If by some chance your chicken survives, it will still always be a carrier of the disease. So it is usually better to put them down and destroy their carcass to prevent the spread. There is a vaccine, however, for your chickens to prevent the disease.
Read also: Detailed Guide to Layer Production in Ghana from the experts
6. Infectious Bronchitis
Cause: The disease is caused by the avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV).
Symptoms: Chickens begin sneezing, snoring, and coughing. And then the drainage will begin to secrete from their nose and eyes. Laying will cease too.
Prevention and treatment: The virus is easily destroyed by heat and ordinary disinfectants. In young chickens, it is helpful to increase the brooder temperature and to optimise environmental conditions. Chickens that are kept as layers should be vaccinated.
7. Infectious Coryza
Cause: The disease is caused by a bacterium known as Hemophilus gallinarum. Outbreaks usually result from the introduction of infected or carrier birds into a flock. The chicken can get this disease through contaminated water and contaminated surfaces.
Symptoms: Heads become swollen. Their eyes will literally swell shut and their combs will swell. Then a discharge will begin to flow from their eyes and noses. They will stop laying and will have moisture under their wings.
Prevention and Treatment: There is no vaccine to stop this disease, unfortunately. Once your chickens contract this disease, kill and bury or burn them. If not, they will remain carriers of the disease for life. This becomes a risk to the rest of your flock.
Keep your chickens protected from other random chickens. Keep their coop and water clean to prevent the disease.
8. Marek’s Disease
Cause: Marek’s disease is caused by a virus belonging to the Herpes virus group. They actually obtain the virus by breathing in pieces of shed skin and feather from an infected chick. This disease is very easy for them to catch.
Symptoms: More common in younger birds that are usually under the age of 20 weeks. Tumours begin to grow inside or outside of your chick. Their iris turns grey and they no longer respond to light. They become paralyzed.
Prevention and Treatment: If your chick gets this disease do away with it. It will remain a carrier of the disease for life if it survives. However, you can give a vaccine to day-old chicks to prevent the disease.
See also: Chicken Embryo Development; Amazing video illustration
9. Thrush
Cause: It is a fungal disease caused by the yeast Candida albicans.
Symptoms: A white oozy substance inside their crop. The chicken will appear lethargic and have a crusty vent area. And their feathers will look ruffled. It is important to mention that thrush is a fungal disease. This means it can be contracted if you allow your chickens to eat moulded feed or other moulded food. And they can also contract the disease from contaminated water or surfaces.
Prevention and Treatment: Though there is no vaccine, it can be treated by an anti-fungal medicine that you can get from your local vet. Be sure to remove the bad food and clean their water container as well.
10. Bumblefoot
Cause: This disease is acquired. The chicken wound on the foot gets infected. The chicken may accidentally cut its foot on something. When the chicken is digging in the garden, scratching around in mulch, and so many other ways.
Symptoms: This infected wound swells up the leg.
Prevention and Treatment: Bumblefoot can happen very easily and it is not much you can do to prevent besides just keep a close eye on your chickens’ feet. If you find out a cut on the foot, wash and disinfect it to prevent the disease from setting up.
11. Air Sac Disease
Cause: The organism Mycoplasma gallisepticum, causes this condition.
Symptoms: Disease starts with poor laying and a weak chicken. As it progresses, coughing, sneezing, breathing problems, swollen joints, and possibly death.
Prevention and Treatment: There is a vaccine for the illness. You can treat with an antibiotic from the veterinary. It can spread from bird to bird. Keep an eye out for any of these symptoms. So you can treat it quickly and effectively.
Read also: Expert Guide to Broiler Production and Management in Ghana
12. Mushy Chick
Cause: It is a bacterial infection due to improper closure of the navel. You can usually trace this to faulty incubation, poor hatchery sanitation or chilling/overheating soon after hatching.
Symptoms: Usually, this disease shows up in newly hatched chicks that have a midsection that is enlarged, inflamed, and blue-tinted. The chick will have an unpleasant scent. It will appear to be drowsy. Naturally, the chick will also be weak.
Prevention and Treatment: There is no vaccine for this disease but sometimes antibiotics may work. It usually is transmitted from chick to chick or from a dirty surface where an infected chick was. Usually, it is contracted from an unclean area where a chick with a weak immune system contracts the bacteria. The best practice is to separate the birds from the sick ones in the case of the disease incidence.
13. Pullorum
Cause: The cause is a bacterium (Salmonella pullorum). This organism is primarily egg transmitted. However, the transmission may occur by other means. It can be contracted through contaminated surfaces and other birds that have become carriers of the disease.
Symptoms: The effect of the disease on chicks and older birds are different. The chicks show no sign of activity and have a white paste all over their backsides and also show signs of breathing difficulty. Some will die with no signs at all. In older birds, however, you will see sneezing and coughing beside poor laying.
Prevention and Treatment: There is no vaccine for this disease. If it infects your chickens kill them. Then, burn or bury the carcass. So that no other animal will pick up the disease.
14. Avian Influenza
Cause: Bird flu occurs naturally in wild waterfowl and can spread into domestic poultry, such as chickens, turkeys, ducks and geese. The disease is transmitted via contact with an infected bird’s faeces, or secretions from its nose, mouth or eyes.
Symptoms: The signs include respiratory troubles and birds will stop laying. They develop diarrhoea. There may be swelling in the chicken’s face and that their comb and wattle discoloured or turned blue. They may even develop dark red spots on their legs and combs.
Prevention and Treatment: There is no vaccine and the chickens infected will always be carriers. Wild animals can even carry the disease from bird to bird. Once your birds get this disease, they need to be put down and the carcass burnt or buried. You need to sanitize all areas that the birds were, before introducing a new flock. Take great caution because this disease can make humans sick.
References
13 Common Chicken Diseases Every Chicken Keeper Should Know About (morningchores.com)
Bird flu (avian influenza) (mayoclinic.org)
Diseases of Poultry (extension.msstate.edu)
How to Recognise Fungal Infections in Chickens: Molds and Yeast (dummies.com)
Infectious bronchitis (poultryhub.org)
